Note Making Example -1
Passage:-

Ans:- Despite all the research every one of us catches cold and most of us catch it frequently. Our failure to control one of the commonest of all ailments sometimes seems ridiculous. Medical science regularly practises transplant surgery and has rid whole countries of such killing diseases as Typhus and the Plague. But the prob- lem of common cold is unusually difficult and much has yet to be done to solve it. It is known that a cold is caused by one of a number of viral infections that affect the lin- ing of the nose and other passages leading to the lungs but The confusing variety of viruses makes study and reme- ly very difficult. It was shown in 1960 that many typical colds in adults are caused by one or the other of a family of viruses known as rhinoviruses, yet there still remain many colds for which no virus has as yet been isolated. There is also the difficulty that because they are so much smaller than the bacteria which cause many other nfections, 

    Viruses cannot be seen with ordinary micro- copes. Nor can they be cultivated easily in the bacteri- 24 ologist's laboratory, since they only grow within the liv ing cells of animals or plants. An important recent step forward, however, is the development of the technique of tissue culture, in which bits of animal tissue are enabled to go on living and to multiply independently of the body. This has greatly aided virus research and has led to the dis covery of a large number of viruses. Their existence had previously been not only unknown but even unsuspected.

    The fact that we can catch a cold repeatedly cre ates another difficulty. Usually, a virus strikes only once and leaves the victim immune to further attacks. Still, we do not gain immunity from colds. Why? It may pos- sibly be due to the fact that while other viruses get into the bloodstream where anti-bodies can oppose them, the viruses causing cold attack cells only on the surface. Or it may be that immunity from one of the many differ- ent viruses does not guarantee protection from all the others. It seems, therefore, that we are likely to have to suffer colds for some time yet.

Answers:

Title: No Control over Common Cold

1. How to control cold-

A. No cure to control it

B. Cure avail, for Typhus & Plague C.Prob. of common. cold not yet solved

2. Reasons for cold:

A) It is a viral infee. that affects nose-lining ruses

B) Caused by fmly. of viruses called Rhinovi

C) For certain colds no viruses hv yet bn isolated 3. Prob. of identifying viruses:

A) Smaller than bacteria so can't be seen with ordinary microscopes

B) Cannot be easily cultivated in bacteriologists lab. Grow within the living cells of plants & animals.

4. Div. of tissue culture aided by:

A) Bits of animal tissue go on living

B) Multiply independently off the body

C) Has led to the discovery of large no. of vi- ruses.

D) Their existence previously unknown and un- suspected.

5. No imm. from cold:

A) Viruses causing cold attacks only on surface & not bloodstream

B) Cannot be opposed by anti-bodies

C) Imm. from one virus doesn't guarantee pro- tection from all

D) You have to suffer from cold for some morem time

Summary:

      Despite having the cure to killing diseases like Typhus and Plague it seems ridiculous that medical sci- ence has not done much yet to solve the problem of com- mon cold. This is because the study of viruses remains confusing as they cannot be seen with ordinary micro- scopes. Now with the development of the technique of tissue culture a large number of viruses have been dis- covered whose existence was earlier unknown. We keep catching cold and never become immune to it because the viruses causing cold attack only on the surface un- like other viruses tht get into the bloodstream and so can be opposed by anti-bodies.



Q. Note Making Example -2 , Read the following Passage and Make Notes on it-