Note Taking Example
Passage-1
1. Scientists in the USA and Japan are developing a set of smart materials that clean themselves off dirt and stains besides eliminating foul odours and dangerous bacteria.
2. Exploiting powerful catalytic properties, re- searchers succeeded in creating tiles, glass, paint, pa- per and cloth that can keep themselves sparkling clean. 3. The first item to reach the market, a self-cleaning wall and counter tile, can not only kill bacteria but also elimi- nate odours and staining associated with smoke from cook- ing oils and cigarettes, reports the journal Technology Re- view.
4. The key to the self-cleansing world of the future is the interaction between titanium dioxide and ultraviolet rays from the sun or fluorescent lights. The special proper- ties of titanium dioxide-a substance used to make paint and tooth-paste white-were first discovered by Tokyo Univer- sity chemist Akira Fujishima and Associates in 1969. Their research showed that when exposed to solar energy, titanium dioxide has the ability to break down water into hydrogen and oxygen. After a quarter-century of observation, scientists now understand that the reaction occurs as titanium dioxide absorbs ergy from the UV band of sunlight and reacts with water vapour in the air to produce oxygen molecules. These molecules are energetic enough to break down organic mat- ter into carbon dioxide and trace elements.
5. "When light shines on the white paint pigment, ti- tanium dioxide, it produces an active form of oxygen that can burn combustible material at room temperature," says David Ollis, Professor of Chemical Engineering at North Carolina State University. "It is a fire without a flame."
6. Scientists have discovered that titanium dioxide- coated materials can easily remove thin deposits such as bacteria and fingerprints, though they are unable to break down thick splotches of organic materials-such as blood stains-because light and oxygen in the air cannot reach the surface where the reaction occurs. Fujishima says that when titanium-dioxide tiles were used in the operating rooms and bathrooms of Ako Central Hospital in Ako, Japan, they killed 99.9 per cent of bacteria on their surface. Included among them were penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus and other germs that can cause secondary infections among patients.
7. The tiles-marketed by Japan's Toto Corp under the name NeoClean-remain effective even though they are coated with a layer of titanium dioxide only one micron thick, about one-fiftieth the diameter of a human hair. Once the fine layer of compound is permanently affixed-it is commonly sprayed and then baked onto the tile's surface- the company says it is resistant to the abrasion of ordinary scrubbing that might be needed for thicker stains. Moreover, because titanium dioxide acts only as a catalyst for the pho- tochemical reaction, it theoretically never gets used up.
8. While cleaning time varies with the thickness of the deposit, Adam Heller, a professor of Chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin, says his experiment shows that titanium dioxide-treated glass removed fingerprints in about two hours. This glass, versions of which both Heller and Fujishima have developed, could be made reactive on both sides, making it ideal for everything from sky-scraper windows to car window glass.
9. The Japanese have tested other titanium dioxide- treated materials as well. Kazuhito Hashimoto, a chemist a Tokyo University, applied the compound to a porcelain un nal. After a month, the treated urinal looked sparkling clea while an untreated unit was blotched and yellowed.
10. Elsewhere, researchers are experimenting to see if the tiles can keep themselves clean on the walls of heavil polluted car and truck tunnels. And a Japanese paper compa ny is developing windows and partitions for Japanese house while a camping equipment manufacturer is testing a self cleaning tent fabric.
11. But the most promising self-cleaning product likely to be a wash-itself paint. Both the Texas and the Toky laboratories have demonstrated the self-cleaning capacities of paints containing titanium dioxide. While they are no saying exactly how they did it, both claim to have overcom an intrinsic problem in which titanium dioxide breaks dow materials that bind pigments in coloured paints.
Answers:
Title: Self Cleaning Materials
Notes Taking:
1) Self clg, mats,
(a) clean dirt, stains (b) eliminate foul odour & dang, bacteria
2) Self clg. tiles-pple, of wk.
(a) uv rays -> TiO2
3) Spl. props, of TiO2
(a) Ti02 makes paint/tooth paste white
(b) ability to break down H20 into H2 and O2
(c) abs. energy from uv band + reacts with H2O
vapours -> prod. 02-> brk. org. matter -> CO2 + trace elements
4) Discovery Testing & Research
5) Marketing
6) Future Prospects wash itself paint
Exercise
Read the following passage and Taking Notes from it:
Passage:-
1. The one industry that remains unaffected by any depression in trade is the beauty industry. The women world over continue to spend money on their faces and bodies even when there is a great slump in other areas of trade. The num- ber of advertisements proclaiming the miracles performed by the various beauty aids goes to support the fact that, to- day, with all the talk about emancipation, equality of sexes and feminism, women are still observed with their physical beauty as they were in the times of Cleopatra.
2. America leads the figures, literally and metaphori- cally. Many parts of Europe by
3. Vrtue of being affected by political and economic instability, leave precious little for women to beautify them- selves. May be, all that women in Europe, can then do is to wash and hope for the best. But, the rich and upper middle class women, everywhere in the world, block a substantial amount of their income on beautifying themselves. Why is it so?
4. The richer the man gets the more obsessed he be-
comes with high powered cars and electronic gadgets and bank balances. On the contrary, the women, especially the urban upper middle class.
5. Women, find their bodies and faces worthy of in- vesting a major part of their income. Women, these days, are much freer than they were in the last century. Not only are they free to take part in social and professional functions of a society as an equal to man, but also to look attractive in any given situation. The beauty industry is shrewd enough to exploit this trend and women in every walk of life have something to buy from the range of products that the beauty industry offers. The British matron, today, is the thing of the past.
6. As a result of the number of beauty parlours that have sprung up in every street corner of the metropolises, and the exercises, the health motors and the skin foods that they offer, you can hardly run into an old woman these days. One could say 'old ladies' are fast becoming an extinct spe- cies. White hair, wrinkles, bent backs and hollow cheeks are features of a bygone era. Cosmetic surgery has slowly eradi- cated these unwanted phenomena. If children of posterity want to look at an old woman, they might have to run to an art gallery and find a medieval painting.
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